We presented Murat, a network-based false base station detector, which is capable of detecting false base stations operating in multiple 3GPP Radio Access
Driven by the intelligent applications of sixthgeneration (6G) mobile communication systems such as smart city and autonomous driving, which connect the physical and cyber
To defend against a Sybil-capable fake base station, we use a history–reputation-based link routing scheme for routing and base station selection.
With the rapid popularization of the network, under the increasingly complex network security situation and the increasingly prominent network security problems, network security
Abstract The threat posed by false base stations remains pertinent across the 4G, 5G, and forthcoming 6G generations of mobile communication. In response, this paper
To defend against a Sybil-capable fake base station, we use a history–reputation-based link routing scheme for routing and base station
Unfortunately, this scenario opens new security challenge against Fake base station, in which UEs can be at risk when transferred to these base stations. The aim of this
Fake base stations comprise a critical security issue in mobile networking. A fake base station exploits vulnerabilities in the broadcast message announcing a base station''s
A fake base station is a well-known security issue in mobile networking. The fake base station exploits the vulnerability in the broadcasting message announcing the base
Fake base stations comprise a critical security issue in mobile networking. A fake base station exploits vulnerabilities in the broadcast message announcing a base station''s
The Fifth-Generation (5G) technology is increasingly recognized as a key enabler for V2X applications, although large-scale commercial deployments remain in the early stages.
However, the sustainability of such an environment is threatened by false base stations. False base stations execute attacks in the Radio Access Network (RAN) of cellular
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The Southern African solar container market is experiencing significant growth, with demand increasing by over 420% in the past five years. Containerized solar solutions now account for approximately 38% of all temporary and mobile solar installations in the region. South Africa leads with 45% market share, driven by mining operations, agricultural applications, remote communities, and construction site power needs that have reduced energy costs by 60-70% compared to diesel generators. The average system size has increased from 40kW to over 250kW, with innovative container designs cutting transportation costs by 65% compared to traditional solutions. Emerging technologies including bifacial modules and integrated energy management have increased energy yields by 25-35%, while modular designs and local assembly have created new economic opportunities across the solar container value chain. Typical containerized projects now achieve payback periods of 3.5-5.5 years with levelized costs below R1.40/kWh.
Containerized energy storage solutions are revolutionizing power management across South Africa's industrial and commercial sectors. Mobile 20ft and 40ft BESS containers now provide flexible, scalable energy storage with deployment times reduced by 70% compared to traditional stationary installations. Advanced lithium-ion technologies (LFP and NMC) have increased energy density by 40% while reducing costs by 35% annually. Intelligent energy management systems now optimize charging/discharging cycles based on real-time electricity pricing (including Eskom time-of-use tariffs), increasing ROI by 50-70%. Safety innovations including advanced thermal management and integrated fire suppression have reduced risk profiles by 90%. These innovations have improved project economics significantly, with commercial and industrial energy storage projects typically achieving payback in 2.5-4.5 years through peak shaving, demand charge reduction, and backup power capabilities. Recent pricing trends show standard 20ft containers (250kWh-850kWh) starting at R1.6 million and 40ft containers (850kWh-2.5MWh) from R3.2 million, with flexible financing including lease-to-own and energy-as-a-service models available.